Comte endeavored to unify history, psychology, and economics through the scientific understanding of social life. : 10 Comte had earlier used the term social physics, but it had been subsequently appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet. Sociology was later defined independently by French philosopher of science Auguste Comte (1798–1857) in 1838 as a new way of looking at society. The term sociology was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in an unpublished manuscript. The suffix -logy ('the study of') comes from that of the Greek -λογία, derived from λόγος ( lógos, 'word' or 'knowledge'). The word sociology (or sociologie) derives part of its name from the Latin word socius ('companion' or 'fellowship' ). Khaldun's Muqaddimah was perhaps the first work to advance social-scientific reasoning on social cohesion and social conflict. Some sources consider Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century Muslim scholar from Tunisia, to have been the father of sociology, although there is no reference to his work in the writings of European contributors to modern sociology. There is evidence of early sociology in medieval Arabic writings as well. the collection of information from a sample of individuals) can be traced back to at least the Domesday Book in 1086, while ancient philosophers such as Confucius wrote about the importance of social roles. For instance, the origin of the survey (i.e. Social analysis has origins in the common stock of universal, global knowledge and philosophy, having been carried out from as far back as the time of Old comic poetry which features social and political criticism, and ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, if not earlier. Sociological reasoning predates the foundation of the discipline itself. Ibn Khaldun statue in Tunis, Tunisia (1332–1406) As such, there is often a great deal of crossover between social research, market research, and other statistical fields. Social research has influence throughout various industries and sectors of life, such as among politicians, policy makers, and legislators educators planners administrators developers business magnates and managers social workers non-governmental organizations and non-profit organizations, as well as individuals interested in resolving social issues in general. Conversely, the turn of the 21st century has seen the rise of new analytically, mathematically, and computationally rigorous techniques, such as agent-based modelling and social network analysis. The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-20th century, especially, have led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophical approaches towards the analysis of society. The range of social scientific methods has also expanded, as social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques. As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to other subjects and institutions, such as health and the institution of medicine economy military punishment and systems of control the Internet sociology of education social capital and the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge. Traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, sexuality, gender, and deviance. of individual interaction and agency) to macro-level analyses (i.e. Subject matter can range from micro-level analyses of society (i.e. : 32–40 While some sociologists conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare, others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes and phenomenological method. It uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis : 3–5 to develop a body of knowledge about social order and social change. In simple words sociology is the scientific study of society Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life.
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